TCP
TCP Header
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) header is the first 24 bytes of a TCP segment that contains the parameters and state of an end-to-end TCP socket.
The TCP header is used to track the state of communication between two TCP endpoints. Since TCP segments are inserted (encapsulated) in the payload of the IP packet the TCP header immediately follows the IP header during transmission. TCP does not need to keep track of which systems are communicating, it only needs to track which end to end sockets are currently open.
Internet Protocol handles the logical addressing, routing and host-to-host connectivity.
TCP uses port numbers on each side of the connection to track the connection endpoints, state bits such as SYN, ACK, RST, FIN, sequence numbers and acknowledgement numbers to track the communication at each step in transmission.
An example of a TCP header is shown below.
TCP Packet Diagram
| Source Port (0 - 65535) | Destination Port (0 - 65535) | |||||||
| Sequence Number (0 - 4294967295) | ||||||||
| Acknowledgement Number (0 - 4294967295) | ||||||||
| Data Offset | Reserved | U R G | A C K | P S H | R S T | S Y N | F I N | Window |
| Checksum (CRC-Check) | Urgent Pointer | |||||||
| Options | Padding | |||||||
| Data | ||||||||
| TCP 'Packet' Field | Bits | Usage |
| Source Port | 16 | The TCP Source Port is the port number used by the computer sending the TCP segment and is usually a number above 1024 (but not always). |
| Destination Port | 16 | The TCP Destination Port is the port number used by the computer receiving the TCP packet and is usually a number below 1024 (but not always). |
| Sequence Number | 32 | Used for segmentation of application data into TCP segments and reassembling them on the other side. The sequence number helps the TCP software on both sides keep track of how much data has been transferred and to put the data back into the correct order if it is received in the wrong order, and to request data when it has been lost in transit. |
| Data Offset | 4 | The TCP Data Offset indicates number of bytes into the TCP packet where data can be found Thus, it actually indicates the number of bytes in the TCP header and allows the receiver to jump directly to the data. |
| Reserved | 6 | |
| URG Urgent Flag | 1 | |
| ACK Acknowledgement Flag | 1 | Used during 3-way handshake and data transfers. |
| PSH Push Flag | 1 | Used for TCP push, which returns the buffer to the user application. Used primarilly in streaming. |
| RST Reset Flag | 1 | Used to reset a TCP connection |
| SYN Synchronize Flag | 1 | Used during 3-way handshake |
| FIN End of data | 1 | Indicates end of the TCP session |
| Window | 16 | Number of octets in the TCP header |
| Checksum | 16 | A Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum is calculated by the sender and added to this field before transmission. This field is used by the receiver to verify the integrity of the data in the TCP payload and rejects data that fails the CRC check. |
| Urgent Pointer | 16 | Points to the end of "urgent" data in the packet, but this field only exists if the URG flag is set. |
| Options | Varies | |
| Padding | Varies | |
| Data | Varies | This field contains a segment of data from the user application, such as part of an email or web page. |
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a Transport Layer host-to-host protocol that provides reliable,connection-oriented communication over IP networks between two endpoints. TCP uses virtual ports to create a virtual end-to-end connection that can reuse the physical connections between two computers. TCP is encapsulated within the data field of IP datagrams and TCP encapsulates higher level protocol data such as HTTP (web), SMTP (email) and many other protoocols.
Transmission Control Protocol Characteristics
Transmission Control Protocol Operation
Transmission Control Protocol Packet Structure
TCP Data Field (Payload) and Upper Layer Protocols
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